图为芝加哥千禧公园地标雕塑“云门”。
芝加哥是美国现代主义的起源地之一,世界上第一座摩天大楼就诞生在这里。时至今日,芝加哥仍然在建筑、艺术以及文学创作方面走在潮流前列。都会的繁华、激烈的变革与紧张的城市节奏,共同构成了芝加哥这座城市的面貌。
第一次来到芝加哥的游客会惊叹这座城市的繁华,高楼大厦鳞次栉比,沿密歇根湖可以看到芝加哥最具标志性的天际线:那是一道绵延数公里、由芝加哥摩天大楼构成的城市地标。市中心的密歇根大道是奢侈商品和酒店的聚集地,到了夜晚灯火通明,车辆行人川流不息,被称作“华丽一英里”。
“或许每一座大城市都是这样,你会爱上它,也会讨厌它,但这都不会影响到它。”这是我在第一次去芝加哥后写下的感想。面对这样一座繁盛的都会,个体往往会感到渺小。在这样的城市里,变化如此之快,节奏这般紧迫,似乎每一个人都被无形的力量裹挟着前行,只要踏进芝加哥,不由自主变得和这座城市的居民们一样行色匆匆。
然而,当对芝加哥的了解愈发深刻后,我逐渐意识到这座城市在匆忙与浮华的背后,有着更为生动、深刻的一面。
芝加哥如今的建筑风格起源于19世纪70年代。1871年芝加哥遭受了一场巨大的火灾,老旧的木质建筑大约有1/3被烧毁。为了迅速地完成灾后重建,负责重新规划芝加哥城市建筑的工程师们尝试使用钢铁框架和箱式结构来搭建房屋,并用石砖和混凝土来建造外墙。
出乎意料的是,这种快捷的建造方式和坚固耐热的建筑结构完全符合工业时代的城市建设要求,因此这种现代建筑风格很快被美国其他各大城市所使用,被称为“芝加哥建筑学派”。现在芝加哥每年10月会有一个周末作为“建筑开放日”,城市的公共建筑向游客和市民开放参观并提供讲解,以供更多人了解芝加哥这座城市对现代主义建筑所作的贡献。城市规划者和工程师们的卓越眼光固然重要,如今芝加哥的繁荣昌盛同样离不开万千为此付出劳动和汗水的人们。
芝加哥还是一座文化包容性极强的城市。来到芝加哥的人一定不能错过著名的千禧公园和芝加哥艺术学院,它们代表着芝加哥这座城市的文化精神。
千禧公园中央坐落着芝加哥的著名地标雕塑“云门”,这个长相酷似液态水银的雕塑会把周围的建筑和街道用一种哈哈镜式的扭曲方式折射出来,人与人、建筑与建筑在它的眼中都被融合成为一体,不再受现实中的界限所束缚。
芝加哥艺术学院更是充满了古典与现代的交融,18世纪的巴洛克风格雕塑、19世纪的印象派主义画作以及20世纪的波普艺术海报同时向观众呈现;从地域上来看,美国、欧洲、亚洲和非洲各地的艺术作品也都得到了同等的重视与体现。芝加哥的文化与艺术不只源于这座城市,它汇集了世界各地的精神财富。
留美期间,虽然我去过芝加哥多次,但仍期待继续探访。在我看来,芝加哥是现代文化的集大成者,它用开放包容的心态接纳着世界各地的人与文化,将世界联系得越来越紧密,不断拓展思想与文化的边界。
(许路明 文/图,作者系美国伊利诺伊大学香槟分校在读博士生)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)